Christian Writings Of Augustine And Haltigar Of Cambrai One

As a text written in the early middle ages, the Canon Episcopi by Regino of Prà ¼m was revolutionary in the fact that it exemplified a growing skepticism for magic within the Christian community, and most importantly, it served as a strict call to arms for church officials to identify and eliminate practices of magic within parish communities. As a major theological text in the time where Christianity is finally solidifying doctrine, the Canon Episcopi should both draw upon existing ideas of its predecessors and shape the theological works of its successors. While the works of other theological minds show evidence of a common theme or influence, there is still extreme variability and sometimes even direct opposition to Regino’s themes. While†¦show more content†¦Haltigar not only fits the addressee of the warning, as an Archbishop, he is doing what the warning exactly asks: laboring to uproot the art of sorcery from his parishes. Within The â€Å"Roman† Pentit ential, Haltigar provides a guideline for the priests and clergy on how to identify such practices and beliefs, and the fit penance or punishment for them. Through the lens of Augustine and Haltigar’s work, we can see that the Canon Episcopi seems to be drawing off of much earlier traditions and themes within Christian theology and literature. While there are definite parallels between the texts of the early Christian period and the Early Medieval period, where the Canon Episcopi originates, ultimately the time difference itself is the ultimate division line for the themes within the text. Augustine, while stating the absurdity of some magical, ultimately argues that demons give these delusions to diviners and the result is that they â€Å"do tell past and future things, which happen exactly as predicted,† unlike Regino who dismisses the reality of delusional women actually â€Å"rid[ing] upon beasts with Diana† (Augustine 46 and Regino of Prà ¼m 62). Haltigar too, provides no indication that he denies any of the practices that he mentions within his penitential. While there is a slight trace of skepticism within Augustine’s writing, Regino provides the fully developed voice of this skepticism later on. Furthermore, both

Oil And Gas Waste Mismanagement - 1648 Words

Oil and Gas Waste Mismanagement in Indonesia Environmental Damage Due to The Growth and Development Needs Theme : Nature song Subtheme : Environmental damage due the growth and development needs Waste Industry Materials Mismanagement in Indonesia Environment is a part of the earth that consists of the biotic creatures like humans, animals, plants and biotic creatures like water, air, sand and source of energy inside it. The environment synergizes with the earth and to create a life for both creatures and fulfill what life on earth needs. This synergy includes every single of elements in the world and it is vital to keep it balanced for the next generation of life. The balance of environment and the earth is embodied by the realization if life where the exchange from good environment is followed by the balance of the earth. Human as the major role that plays in maintaininga global environmental hazard in compliance with the world development and the growth needs. Nowadays, the damage of the environment is increasing at an alarming rate mainly due to the human activities. The population growth, unfortunately, has many adverse effects since the Industry of technology in 1750-1850 started the globalization era and brought massive change in every aspect through transportation, farming system, manufactured, economical activity, technology, invention and mass industrialization and causing an abundant amount of exploitation in source ofShow MoreRelatedFracking : A Controversial Controversy1486 Words   |  6 Pagesretrieve natural gas and oil reserves. With concerns over water pollution, mismanagement of toxic waste and irreversible environmental damage mounting, the practice of fracking has only quietly expanded and profited. This concealed expansion into the nation’s backyard has only further raised suspicion into an activity that has already concealed much of its information from fear of public disapproval. However, regardless of media ba cklash and attentive environmentalists, the oil and gas companies haveRead MoreThe Environmental Impacts Coming From Developing Mineral1470 Words   |  6 Pageshas been deemed cost effective to extract. What most often occurs when a site is being mined is that the material removed from the dig site gets displaced over to the side in an area such as an open quarry mine. After the materials are extracted the waste material is not placed back and neither is any vegetation that was once there. One way that could help the surrounding environment would be to keep record of the amount of material and/or vegetation removed and replace it with a similar amount onceRead MoreMining Accidents Are Not Dangerous For People And The Environment969 Words   |  4 Pagessuffocation, gas poisoning, roof collapse, rock burst, outbursts, and gas explosions in mines. In addition, the mining process exposes miners to carcinogens, and many go on to die of lung cancer. Natural gas is another hydrocarbon resource the U.S relies on. Although most of the country’s natural gas is produced domestically, the United States is a net importer of natural gas (â€Å"U.S Energy Information Administration†). This means that the U.S imports more natural gas than it exports. Natural gas can beRead MoreThe Deepwater Horizon Oil Drilling Rig1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig caught fire on April 20, 2010, exploring and sinking after some days. The explosion was as a result of the equipment failure, perhaps the blowout protector, and the emerging explosion and fire killed 11 people, injuring others. The aftermath of the explosion became the largest issue in the US, estimated to surpass 1989 Exxon Valdez spill. The environmental contamination was huge, greatly impacting marine life in the Gulf of Mexico and surrounding beaches ofRead MoreThe Environment And The Global Economy1457 Words   |  6 Pagesand/or criminal penal ties for environmental damages. The Gulf of Mexico oil spill by British Petroleum, the gas leak in Bhopal by Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) and the Chisso Corporation’s chemical factory waste discharge in the Japan, are some of the world’s worst and costliest environmental disasters caused by companies. The Gulf Coast oil spill was the worst in the history of the United States, over three million barrels of oil was leaked, spreading across the gulf. Just less than 1800 km of LouisianaRead MoreLaws 310 Course Project1187 Words   |  5 PagesLAWS 310 – THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT Hydraulic Fracturing 10/12/2013 â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS What is Hydraulic Fracturing 2 Enivromental Issues 2 Water Contamination 2 Management of Waste Water 3 Air Quality Issues 3 Fracking Chemicals 3 State and Federal Laws 4 Federal Regulations 4 State Regulations 4 U.S. Energy Needs 5 Conclusion 5 Referrence Page 6 â€Æ' Hydraulic Fracturing What is hydraulic fracturing or fracking, and is it safe for our environment? What types of environmentalRead MoreEssay about Global Warming: A Dangerous Reality1439 Words   |  6 PagesTo begin with, burning of fossil fuels has been a major reason for global warming. The largest contributing source of greenhouse gas is the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) leading to the emission of carbon dioxide. Almost 100% of the observed temperature increase over the last 50 years has been due to the increase in the atmosphere of greenhouse gas concentrations like water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and ozone. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billionRead MoreEssay on War Profiteering and the Mismanagement of Tax Payer Dollars1660 Words   |  7 Pagesfunds and power considering there is very little need for a swimming pool or VIP trailers for any police-related project that might have taken place in Iraq. DynCorp is not the only major company under scrutiny for mismanaged funds. Halliburton, an oil-services company based in Houston, has had its share of controversy. Authors Jeff Gerth and Don Van Natta reported for the New York Times that during the Iraq war, Halliburton was the exclusive supplier of services such as cooking, construction, powerRead MoreEnergy Crisis in Pakistan2194 Words   |  9 Pagestheft and Power wastage Corruption and lack of accountability Mis-allocation of resources Increasing price of oil in international market In past no efforts were made Alternative energy resources: Hard technologies and Soft technologies Hard technologies: Nuclear power Natural gas Natural gas import Coal LNG Soft technologies: Hydropower Solar energy Wind energy BiomassRead MorePetroleum Profits Tax Act 19591824 Words   |  8 Pagesand amended. The Petroleum Profits Tax Act 1959 as amended by Petroleum Profits Tax Act No. 15 of 1973 (Part 111) section 2 states thus - â€Å"for the purposes of subsection (1) (b) of the value of any chargeable oil so disposed of shall be taken to be the aggregate of† (b) The value of that oil as determined for royalty, in accordance with the provisions of any enactment applicable thereon and any financial agreement; alternatively, (c) Arrangement between the Federal Government of Nigeria and the company

Coca Cola and Pepsi Free Essays

*Segmentation of Coca Cola: **Basic segments of coca cola is those people who take this drink regularly. **The target market for coca cola is based on age: youth and younger 15- 25 and 40 age. Another factors are income and family size. We will write a custom essay sample on Coca Cola and Pepsi or any similar topic only for you Order Now **Target is not based on gender , both gender likes it. **Key success of coca cola is behavioral segmentation. **Coca Cola generally sells in schools, colleges, universities, restaurants, hotels and fast food stores. Coca Cola has variety of tastes ecause they want to meet customer needs. **Coca cola diet : for diabetic people and aged people 40 plus. **Coca Cola : young people whose age is 16 to 35. **Coca Cola packs and bottles : (based on income level) for students, poor people, middle class and family size. Nature of customer : fun and entertainment loving. Socio-economic level :upper lower and lower class. Occupation : student and family oriented people. **Coca Cola prefer to serve its product in those places where young eople gather mostly. coca cola customers are mainly teenagers and young adults **it is the highest selling cold drink above the world.? **The main theme of coca cola is â€Å"open happiness† coca cola packaging attracts the young generation attention ver y much. *Positioning statement: Coca Cola provides the best quality and taste in an affordable price. *Segmentation of Pepsi: **Pepsi has same market purposes like Coca Cola. Pepsi has also different kinds of soft-drink productin order to appeal to different ustomers. **Pepsi customers are mostly teenagers and young adults between the ages of 14 to 30. *Positioning of pepsi: **PepsiCo main slogan is – â€Å"Generation Next! † It spends billions of dollars in order to affect people and find creative slogan in every year. Pepsi is a cold drink which gave the best taste, low fat in a reasonable spending. Coca Cola is successful corporation because they have further plan to impess people and have good stategy to sell products in right places. How to cite Coca Cola and Pepsi, Essay examples

Literary Study of Silent Spring By Rachel Carson- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLiterary Study of Silent Spring By Rachel Carson. Answer: The book Silent Spring by Rachel Carson was first published on 27th September in the year 1962 focusing on the environmental issues of United States. The book composed by a brave woman presented a catastrophic view of the ecological deprivation for the first time in US and in a way started spreading awareness for the conservation of it [1]. The book was nominated under the category non-fiction for the National Book Award. The book serialized in three parts became so famed that the then American president John F. Kennedy read it in the summer of 1962 and was sold like hot cakes in the market. The book was a smash hit and was the most talked about book in the era. The book took four years of study and investigation for private research in federal science before Carson published the book[2]. Although books may be a less celebrated medium than hostilities, rallies, insurrections, they at times become the most influential authority of societal change in the life of the Americans. Mentions can be made of Thomas Paines Common Sense that aroused the spirit of revolution in the early days among the natives of the country and Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin that stimulated the people of the North to resist against the slavery in the era that lead to the Civil War. Similarly, Silent Spring by Rachel Carson powerfully enquired the confidence of the humans on the advancement of the technology and called for a movement for the preservation of the ecological balance. The book Silent Spring is based upon a true story and commences with a fable for tomorrow where Carson illustrates a town in heart of America where all life seemed to live in a harmony with its surroundingsno witchcraft, no enemy action had silenced the rebirth of new life in this stricken world[3]. The people had done it themselves. This fable draws instances from actual communities where the application of DDT had damaged the wildlife and the natural floras and faunas and even humans. Carsons most important focus was on the prospect of life on Earth. DDT, the most harmful and powerful pesticide known to the world exposed the vulnerability of nature came in hand of the civilians in the year 1945. Then only Edwin Way Teale and Carson objected about this newly invented miracle compound. Edwin warned, A spray as indiscriminate as DDT can upset the economy of nature as much as a revolution upset the economy of nature as much as a revolution upsets social economy. Ninety percent of all insects are good and if they are killed, things go out of kilter right away.[4] Carson on the other hand, while living in Maryland, suggested the magazine Readers Digest to bring out an article demanding a series of tests on DDT as she had witnessed the appliance of the compound not far from where she resided. Unfortunately, the magazine rejected this proposal of Carson and the matter was dismissed. In the year 1958, thirteen years after the first application of DDT, Carson started writing about the risks of DDT after receiving a note from a companion in Massachussets who bemoaned about the death of large birds in Cape Cod due to spraying of DDT. Till then the use of pesticide had propagated greatly and Carsons failure to manage a column in the magazine indicated how heterodox and controversial her analysis on the issue must have appeared. The book Silent Spring was one of the earliest books that urged the Americans to rise in revolt against the use of artificial insect repellent, particularly DDT. Silent Spring which became a best-seller by 1958 by promoting more than two million copies, made an influential case for the conception that if environment is poisoned by humankind, then nature in turn could destroy human race. Carson informed the subcommittee that Our heedless and destructive acts enter into the vast cycles of the Earth and in time return to bring hazard to ourselves. It is through Carsons observations we still witness the impacts of unregulated human intrusion as the notion of contemporary ecosystem had been popularized by her. The superseding subject of Silent Spring is the injurious consequences of using pesticides on the environment as she notified that the outcomes of these are barely restricted to the besieged vermin as the accurate terms of the compound is biocides. Her book primarily points the finger at the chemical business for premeditated circulation of disinformation. She also blamed that the municipal bureaucrats for accepting the terms and conditions of the industry casually[5]. Carson also reported that according to the scientists of the Food and Drug Administration, these compounds are reasonable for considering them low grade hepatic cell carcinomas and according to the author of Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases, Dr. Harper, DDT is a chemical carcinogen. Carson also focused on the increased penalties in the near future since the intended pests may build up a resistance to pesticides that may crop up due to overuse of DDT. This in turn will deteriorate ecosystems building victim to un expected invasive varieties. The book although emphasized on the harmful effects of DDT, it never mentioned a banning of the product. Carson discussed that, even if DDT and other insecticides had no environmental side effects, their indiscriminate overuse was counterproductive because it would create insect resistance to pesticides, making them useless in eliminating the target insect populations. Silent Spring made public aware of the fact that DDT damaged their eggshells[6]. The response that Carson received from the chemical industry demonstrated more antagonistic than it has been expected. The private harassments against Carson were dramatics. She was charged of being a Marxist follower and sacked as a spinster with an empathy for cats[7]. The publication of an issue of Silent Spring on 27th September of 1962 was opposed vehemently by the chemical industry[8]. DuPont and Velsicol Chemical Industry, the two major chemical industries of America were the first who opposed the publication of the book. DuPont brought together a huge report against the book in the press release, while Velsicol threatened to expose The New Yorker, Houghton Miffin and Audubon Magazine if they do not cancel their intended features of Silent Spring[9]. Apart from that Biochemist Robert White-Stevens of American Cyanamid and Thomas Juke, former Cyanamid chemist most aggressively criticized the Carsons analysis of DDT. White-Stevens named Carson a fanatic defender of the cult of t he balance of the nature and commented, If man were to follow the teachings of Miss Carson, we would return to the Dark Ages, and the insects and diseases and vermin would once again inherit the Earth.[10] Carsons writing style in Silent Spring aimed at raising awareness among the public about the perils of using pesticides. Therefore, she intended to write the book in a simple language that would appeal to masses and hence she emphasized on the clarity of the book[11]. The approach taken by her was easily accessible for the common people to acknowledge the dangers of the chemical. Her attempt to begin the book with an allegory made the structure of the book like a story that helped in attracting more general readers. Carsons intended inclusion of the citations of the research articles only in the appendix at the end of the book was planned for the general readers so that they do not face any difficulty while reading the book[12]. Thus to conclude it can be said that the book Silent Spring was one of the milestones of the 20th century. The note of Silent Spring reverberates deafeningly even today, several decades after its publication. Besides, the life of Carson and her image is itself equally inspiring as it illustrates how a woman struggles independently to overcome her difficulties and motivates the masses to fight against the establishment of righteousness. Carson well conscious of the bigger connotation of her work remarked Mans attitude toward nature is today critically important simply because we have now acquired a fateful power to alter and destroy nature. But man is a part of nature, and his war against nature is inevitably a war against himself? [We are] challenged as mankind has never been challenged before to prove our maturity and our mastery, not of nature, but of ourselves. References Carson, R. (1994). Silent spring. 1962. Carson, Rachel.Silent spring. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002. Griswold, Eliza. "How Silent Springignited the environmental movement."The New York Times21 (2012). Heckel, David G. "Insecticide resistance after silent spring."Science337.6102 (2012): 1612-1614. Krebs, J. R., Wilson, J. D., Bradbury, R. B., Siriwardena, G. M. (1999). The second silent spring?.Nature,400(6745), 611-612. Lutts, Ralph H. "Chemical fallout: Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, radioactive fallout, and the environmental movement."Environmental Review: ER9.3 (1985): 211-225. Lytle, Mark Hamilton.The gentle subversive: Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the rise of the environmental movement. Oxford University Press, 2007. Murphy, Priscilla Coit.What a book can do: The publication and reception of Silent Spring. Univ of Massachusetts Press, 2005. Russell, E. (2001).War and nature: fighting humans and insects with chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring. Cambridge University Press. Smith, Michael B. "Silence, Miss Carson!" Science, Gender, and the Reception of" Silent Spring."Feminist Studies27.3 (2001): 733-752. Van Emden, Helmut Fritz, and David B. Peakall.Beyond silent spring: integrated pest management and chemical safety. Chapman Hall Ltd, 1996. Walker, K., Walsh, L. (2012). No One Yet Knows What the Ultimate Consequences May Be How Rachel Carson Transformed Scientific Uncertainty Into a Site for Public Participation in Silent Spring.Journal of Business and Technical Communication,26(1), 3-34.

Athena and Posidon in the Odyssey free essay sample

As Odysseus makes the long journey back to Ithacahe is both supported and antagonized.He is given divine support by Athena, but is opposed by Poseidon.The two Olympians were involed in a contest for protector of Athens, which Athena won.This did not sit well with Athenas uncle Poseidon, and it isnt surprising that the god and goddess went against each other in Homers Odyssey. The main reason for Poseidons anger towards Odysseus comes from Odysseus blinding of the cyclops Polyphemus.It is in Chapter 9 that we find out how about this event.During Odysseus journey he makes a wrong turn and ends up in the land of the Cyclopes.It is here that he meets Polyphemus and becomes trapped in his cave.Polyphemus is not god-fearing and grabs Odysseus men whenever he feels like it and eats them.Odysseus must come up with a plan to escape being eaten. We will write a custom essay sample on Athena and Posidon in the Odyssey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His plan involves an olive pole, which he and his men cut and sharpen.Then Odysseus gets Polyphemus drunk off the wine he has brought him as an offering and lights the end of the olive pole with fire.He and his men point the pole in Polyphemus eye and twist it, blinding him.The fact that Athena is attributed to the olive tree is very important in this instance since it is the olive pole and Odysseus craftiness that help him escape Polyphemus cave.The olive is especially important to Athena also because it is the gift she gave to the mortals in the contest against Poseidon, thus being rewarded with a city named after her, the city she named Athens. As Odysseus and his crew are espcaping, Polyphemus prays to Poseidon: â€Å"Hear me, Poseidon, Sustainer of the Earth, god of the sable locks.If I am yours indeed and you claim as your son, grant that Odysseus, sacker of cities and son of Laertes, may never reach his home in Ithaca.But if he is destined to see his friend again, to come once more to his own house and reach his native land, let him come late, in wretched plight, having lost all his comrades, in a foreign ship, and let him find trouble in his home.†(Pages 123-124, Lines 526-534).Poseidon is outraged at Odysseus behavior while at Polyphemus cave.He not only seeks revenge after his son is blinded, but also because of the taunting Polyphemus endured from OdysseusThere is no doubt that Odysseus feels this anger later on as Poseidon stirs up the sea to give him trouble. It is Athena in the beginning of the Odyssey who tells her father Zeus to free Odysseus from Calypsos control.While Poseidon is off accepting a sacrifice, the rest of the Olympians are gathered on Mount Olympus.Upon hearing Athenas plead Zeus replies:â€Å"How could I ever forget the admirable Odysseus?He is not only the wisest man alive but has been the most generous in his offerings to the immortals who live in the wide heaven.It is Poseidon, Sustainer of the Earth, who is so implaceable towards him on account of the Cyclops, godlike Polyphemus, the most powerful of the Cyclopes, whom Odysseus blinded.His mother was the Nymph Thoosa, daughter of Phorcys, Lord of the Salt Sea Waves; and it was Poseidon who gave her this child when he slept with him in her cavern hollowed by the seaThat is why, ever since Polyphemus was blinded, Poseidon the Earth-shaker has kept Odysseus in exile, though he stops short of killing him.But come now, let all of us here together contrive a plan to bri ng him home.Poseidon will relent.For he will not be able to struggle on alone against the united will of the immortal gods.† (Pages 4-5 lines 65-79).The meeting concludes with Athena remarking that Hermes should travel to Ogygia to tell Calypso to set Odysseus free. Athena also helps Odysseus wife Penelope and son Telemachus.To Penelope she gives gifts of fine handicraft and quick-wit, which allows her to trick the suitors for some time when she tells them she is weaving a shroud for Laertes.When it comes to Telemachus she often disguises herself as Mentor, an old friend of Odysseus, to speak to him.In one instance she says: â€Å"You, meanwhile, will soon be starting this journey you have set your heart on.For am I not your fathers friend, and ready to find you a fast ship and sail with you myself?Go home now and show yourself to the Suitors.Then get provisions ready and stow them all in containers, the wine in jars, and the barley-meal, that gives men strength, in strong skins.Meanwhile, I will soon collect a crew of volunteers in the town.And there are plenty of ships, old and new, in sea-girt Ithaca.I myself will pick out the best for you, and well have her rigged in no time and launch her on the open sea.† (Page 22, lines 285-294)Wi th the help of Athena, Telemachus went off to Pylos and Lacedaemon to seek news of his father, to try to find out if there was any hope in a return of Odysseus. Back in Ogygia, the messenger god Hermes had finally arrived.Athena had gotten her way with Zeus, and Odysseus was finally going to be on the way to Ithaca once again.However, not long after taking off on his raft, Odysseus feels the wrath of Poseidon.In Chapter 5 Poseidon exclaims: â€Å"Damnation!I had only to go to Ethiopia for the gods to change their minds about Odysseus!And there he is, close to the Phaeacians land, where he is destined to bring his long ordeal to an end.Nevertheless I mean to let him have a bellyful of trouble yet.† (Page 70, lines 287-291).After that Poseidon took in his hands his trident and stirred up the sea, darkened the sky, and gave Odysseus a storm he would never forget.All hope seemed to be lost for Odysseus as he cried out: â€Å"Poor wretch that I am, what will become of me after all?† (Page 70, line 299).After this a wave crashes upon him and he is thrown off his raft.Poseidon sends him another earthshaking wave and takes off to Aega e.Athena then steps in and calms down the waves, giving Odysseus a chance yet. Days pass and Odysseus is still thrashed about by the sea.One wave in particular brings him almost to his death as he is pushed toward shore and into rocks.Without Athenas help in giving him the idea to grab ahold of a rock, Odysseus life would have come to an end.After more struggle Odysseus makes it to the surface and comes to a rivers mouth.He prays to the god of the stream and is given a favorable current.He reaches land and finds shelter under olive bushes and his eyes are filled with sleep by Athena.This is yet another instance where Athenas gift to the mortals, the olive tree comes into play.The olive tree was chosen as the winner of the contest because of what it offers: food, oil, and wood.In this case it provides Odysseus with much needed shelter after his long sea ordeal. There are many other instances when the olive proves useful in the Odyssey.The blinding of Polyphemus with an olive pole is pretty obvious, but there are other incidents when the olive is used inless obvious manner, like for instance the role it provides in giving Odysseus a place to sleep.It is also used in Eumaeus hut when Odysseus food is mixed up in an olive-wood bowl.Olive oil is also rubbed onto Odysseus after he is bathed.Both food serving and bathing seem to be part of the hospitality of most people Odysseus and Telemachus incounter.It seems as though all strangers seemed to receive this hospitality when welcomed by people.Showing hospitality seems to have been expected, especially if you wanted Zeus and the other gods on your side. Athena then goes to the country of the Phaeacians where Odysseus has washed up on shore.She makes her way to Alcinous palace, her focus set on getting Odysseus his return to Ithaca.She speaks to Alcinous daughter Nausicaa in her sleep, who thinks all that she hears is a dream.She immediately tells her Father about it the next morning.Athena had told her she was lazy and needed to go wash her clothes first thing in the morning, so that is what Nausicaa set out the do.Athena cleverly arranges this so that Nausicaa will run into Odysseus by the river and she does, but with a little more intervention by Athena, as she makes sure Odysseus wakes up before the princess leaves to go back to the palace and givesNausicaa the courage to speak to him.She also makes sure that Nausicaa is pleased with Odysseus and even makes him more pleasing to the eye, when we read that she makes him taller and sturdier.Nausicaa gives him food and directions on how to receive help from her father.As you can see Athena has ingeniously given Odysseus an in with the Phaeacians as Poseidon is patron of the sea-faring Phaeacians.Athena is very wise to do this in order to get Odysseus home, but she doesnt stop there.She also comes to meet Odysseus herself disguised as a young girl.Odysseus asks her for directions and she replies: â€Å"cetrainly, Ill show you the house you want, since it lies close to my good fathers place.But you must follow my lead without a wod, look at nobody and ask no questions.For the people here have little affection for strangers and do not welcome visitors with open arms.They put their trust in fast ships that carry them across the far-flung seas, for that is a privilege granted by Poseidon and these ships are as swift as a bird or as thought itself.† (Page 85, lines 27-34).In this way Athena prevents any harm coming to Odysseus from the Phaeacians as he makes his way to the palace.We also read that she puts a magic mist around him to protect him.Athena goes ab ove and beyond in order to get Odysseus safely to the palace and once there also gives him advice on who to please. Once in the palace Odysseus is received well and given a ship and crew to go to Ithaca with.It it thanks to Athena that he is given such hospitality and finally gets to his land, for this is his final voyage, the voyage in which he reaches Ithaca. As Odysseus is sleeping the Phaecian ship lands in Ithaca.They lift him out of the ship and into the sand and place his treasures near an olive tree.It is Athena who had prompted these treasures to be given to Odysseus and it is her that seems to be guarding them with the olive tree she is attributed to.Odysseus safe arrival with the Phaecians enrages Poseidon, who goes to speak his mind to his brother Zeus.He says to him: â€Å"Father Zeus, the mortal gods will lose respect for me, now that these mortals fail to respect me, these Phaeacians, I mean, who after all are my descendants.I said that Odysseus would suffer much before he reached his home, though I never put a final ban on his return, once you had promised it and nodded your assent.But now these people have brought him over the sea in their good ship and landed him asleep in Ithaca, after showering gifts upon him, countless gifts of bronze, gold and woven stuffs; far more than he could ever have won for himself from Troy e ven if he had come back unhurt with his fair share of the spoils.† (Page 172, Lines 127-138).Poseidons anger with the Phaeacians for allowing Odysseus a safe and easy ride home end in him turning their ship into stone right as they are approaching their own land.This shows just how angry Poseidon is in having his own people help Odysseus, the person whom he has been anatagonizing throughout his whole journey. After Odysseus wakes up he doesnt realize what land he is in.This is because Athena has placed a mist on it to look unrecognizable to him.She appears to Odysseus once again disguised, this time as a young shepherd, and tells him that he is in Ithaca.Odysseus, feeling like a fool tries to make up a story of how he got there.Athena at once realizes his lies and tells him who she is.He quickly says: â€Å"it is hard for a man to recognize you at sight, however expert he may be, for you are always changing your disguise.But this I know well, that you were gracious to me in the old days so long as we Achaeans were campaigning at Troy.Yet when we had sacked Priams lofty citadel and gone on board our ships, and a god had scattered the Archaean fllet, I did not notice you then, Daughter of Zeus, nor see you set foot on my ship to save me from any of my ordeals.No; I was left to wander through the world with a stricken heart, till the gods put an end to my sufferings and the day came, in th e rich land of the Phaeacians, when you comforted me with your talk and yourself guided me to their city.But now I beseech you in your Fathers name since I cannot believe that I have come to my bright Ithaca but feel that I must be wandering in some foreign country and that you spoke as you did in a spirit of provocation to lead me astray – tell me, am I really back in my own beloved land?† (Page 177, lines 311-329)With that Athena tells him his mind is always working and that his quick-witted and persuasive nature are what has made her want to help him.She also says â€Å"As for your home-coming,I myself was never in any doubt: I knew in my heart that you would get back, though with the loss of all your men.But you must understand that I was not prepared to oppose my uncle Poseidon, who was incensed when you blinded his own son, and has nursed his grudge against you.† (page 177 lines 340-344).Athena then removes the mist she had created over Ithaca and Odysseus recognizes the land at once.She then helps Odysseus hide his gifts and sits down with him under an olive tree to figure out a plan of attack on how to deal with the problems in Ithaca.Athena says: â€Å"Odysseus, favourite of Zeus, son of Laertes, master of ingenuity, consider now how you will come to grips with these shameless Suitors who for three whole years have been lording it in your palace, paying court to your imcomparable wife and offering her marriage-gifts.All this time she has pined for your homecoming, and though she has given them all some grounds for hope and made promises in private messages to each, her real wishes are very different.† (Page 178, lines 373-382).After saying this Athena devises a plan to disguise Odysseus as a beggar and gives him instructions to go to Eumaeus hut.She then takes off to help Telemachus get back home. Athena tells Telemachus to hurry home and to be careful of the suitors who are after him.She also tells him to go to Eumaeus hut first thing when he returns.Odysseus is still at the hut when Telemachus arrives, but doesnt tell him that he is his father.After Telemachus sends Eumaeus to tell his mother he is home, Athena arrives, disguised a tall and beautiful woman.She stands outside the window and gestures for Odysseus to come outside.She then tells him to let Telemachus know who he is so that they may plot an end for the suitors.After saying this she gives him fresh clothes and gives him a godly appearance.Odysseus then convinces his son of who he is and they start planning for their attack.But before Eumaeus the swinherd returns Athena is quick to transform Odysseus back into an old beggar, for fear that he may recognize Odysseus otherwise. Odysseus later goes to his palace, still in his old beggar disguise as to not have the suitors think that he is back in Ithaca.On the day in which the suitors plan a festival, Athena calls for a test of skill. The prize awarded being Penelopes hand in marriage.The winner is to be whoever strings the bow, which Athena has promped Penelope to get out, and shoots an arrow through twelve axes.The winner of the contest is Odysseus, who still looks like a beggar to the suitors.Odysseus kills Antinous with an arrow and then tells the suitors who he is.Odysseus shoots the suitors until his arrows run out.Athena appears, as Mentor to encourage him to keep fighting.She then turns into a swallow and the battle continues.Each time the suitors attempt to throw spears at Odysseus, Athena makes sure they miss.Athena not only prompts the contest to occur, but also makes sure that once the battle begins, Odysseus comes out on top. After the battle Odysseus is reunited with his wife.He is bathed and Athena makes him appear as an everlasting god.Odysseus wife Penelope tells Odysseus that their bed has been moved, their bed built around an olive tree.She says this because at first she does not believe it is him, but once he tells her what the bed looks like and is made of she knows it is him.Not only does Odysseus sleep in shelters of olive trees, but his own bed with Penelope is from the tree as well. Odysseus is home again and his home is free of the suitors.He sets out to meet with his father and tell him that he has arrived home and that the suitors are gone.Because Odysseus has killed men from many cities, people start to get angry with him as they hear of his killing.As a battle starts to unfold Athena works to restore peace between both sides. Athena works hard throughout the Odyssey to help Odysseus in any way that she can.Poseidonon the other hand works hard to oppose him.Athena must go against her Uncle in order to get Odysseus safely home, and once there make sure that restores the peace in his home.Athenas gifts of spinning, weaving, wisdom, and defensive war all come in to play in the story of Odysseus.The olive tree is an essential indicator that she is supporting Odysseus and we see this symbol of supportmany times in the story.Poseidon, who is god the sea and attributed to the trident uses this to his advantage to make the seas very rough for Odysseus.The earthshaker does not succeed however in defeating Odysseus and after 20 long years he is back with his people in Ithaca.

Сapitalism and Colonialism

Ð ¡apitalism and Colonialism Austin (2014) considers the correlation between colonialism and capitalism. It was argued that the spread of capitalism was largely caused by colonial gains of major empires.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ð ¡apitalism and Colonialism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Austin (2014) does not refute this statement but offers particular ways in which capitalism found its way to the colonies and the way it developed in empires. Importantly, the author identifies five major features of development of capitalism in the second part of the nineteenth century. These features are: divergence in wealth and technology of the West and the â€Å"Rest†, â€Å"transformation† of trade relations between colonies and empires and the very nature of this trade, appearance of new â€Å"settler-monopoly† and creation of new â€Å"neo-Europes† (Austin 2014, pp. 301-303). These features provide insights into the nature of the present-day world as well as the way imperial order of the world evolved and transformed. It is noteworthy that each of the features requires particular attention. At this point, it is necessary to note that the new type of colonialism was characterised by the focus on commercial aspect and industrialisation. Development of technology (especially military one) was one of the primary forces that boosted transformations of the nineteenth century. Thus, developed industrialised countries exercises their power and had the resources to exploit resources of less developed countries. Each year the gap between developed and developing countries increased as the former had all the necessary resources to advance technology and accumulate wealth. It is noteworthy that some may focus on this feature of development of imperialism. However, the other four factors are equally important. It is also possible to add that these four features are especially interconnected. Thus, developm ent of new trade patterns contributed greatly to a new span of capitalism which was spreading globally. Transformation of the commercial relations as well as population patterns led to empowerment of the colonised countries.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Americas, for instance, European settlers soon after the expansion to the continent made up the majority of the population. It is logical that they brought principles of capitalism to the new land and they were eager to gain independence (which was financial rather political). At the same time, in Asian countries, local elites formed and these elites were also a potent force that enabled the states gain economic as well as political independence. Obviously, the contemporary world order is rooted in the transformations which were taking place in the second part of the nineteenth century. Austin (2014) mentions t he Soviet Union and its impact stressing that this empire was not capitalistic but communist. At the same time, even this empire followed the patterns which were developed in the nineteenth century. In conclusion, it is possible to note that capitalism and colonialism shaped the world and formed the basis for the present-day models as well as state boundaries. Economic empowerment of empires was accompanied by financial strengthening of colonies. The five features of the correlation between colonialism and capitalism mentioned above help understand why the contemporary world is in its present state. Reference List Austin, G 2014, Capitalism and the colonies, in L Neal JG Williamson (eds), The Cambridge history of capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 301-347.

Organizational Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Analysis - Case Study Example This study aims at analyzing the organization of Tesco through analyzing Tesco’s structure, internal and external environment, and Tesco culture and competitive advantage. Organization structure involves the manner in which an organization relates with the employees, the production lines, processes and functions, and decision-making process in the organization (DuBrin, 2000). Tesco has a hierarchical structure as evidenced many levels and accountability to more than one person by the employees at Tesco, who have to make decisions before the information is handed over to the CEO for final decision-making. A hierarchical organization structure involves a large amount of workers answering t supervising officers who answer to another upper level and this continues to the CEO, at the highest level, Terry Leary at Tesco (DuBrin, 2000).. The hierarchical structure at Tesco allows the employees to have an understanding of their expected duties and carry them without having to be over supervised. The hierarchical structure at Tesco also clearly defines authority and responsibility for every employee ensuring everyone is aware of the costs that occur when the t asks are not fulfilled within the required timeframe. Employees at Tesco are divided into various departments aimed at augmenting efficiency and better performance. The departments at Tesco include administration, finance, distribution, ICT, human resource, marketing, customer service, sales, research and development, and production. Each of the departments is responsible for different actions at Tesco to deliver growth and profitability aspirations of the organization. On products, Tesco has different product divisions determined on prices, packaging, and quality. These product divisions include Tesco Finest, Tesco, Tesco kids, Tesco Organic, Tesco Healthy living, and Tesco Value. Test Finest are products of the highest price and quality while Tesco Organic includes